Gene and gene mutation
The concept of genes has been continuously improved with the development of fields such as genetics, molecular biology, and biochemistry. From the perspective of genetics, genes are the genetic material of organisms, the basic unit of inheritance - mutation units, recombinant units and functional units; from the perspective of molecular biology, genes are fragments of DNA molecules that carry specific genetic information. Under certain conditions, this genetic information can be expressed and become a specific physiological function. Some biological genes are RNA.
First, the general characteristics of the gene
At the molecular level, genes have three basic characteristics: 1 genes can be autologously replicated; 2 genes determine traits, that is, genes determine the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain through transcription and translation, thereby determining the nature of an enzyme or protein, and ultimately expressed as A certain trait; mutation of the 3 gene, that is, the gene is stable, but mutations also occur. In general, once a new mutant allele is formed, it can be replicated by autologous and retained in subsequent cell division.
Second, the category of genes
Genes can be divided into:
1. Structural gene refers to a gene that determines the structure of a certain polypeptide chain (protein) or enzyme molecule. Mutations in structural genes can result in changes in the primary structure of a particular protein (or enzyme) or affect the amount of protein (or enzyme).
2. Regulator and control genes are genes that regulate the expression of genes that control the structure. Mutations in a regulatory gene can affect the function of one or more structural genes or cause changes in one or more proteins (or enzymes).
In addition, there are some genes that are only transcribed and not translated, such as ribosomal RNA genes, also known as rDNA genes, which specifically transcribe rRNA; also do not transfer RNA genes, also known as tRNAs. The gene is specifically transcribed by tRNA.
There are also differences in genes that exist in prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
1. Prokaryotes generally have only one chromosome, a nucleic acid molecule (DNA or RNA), most of which are double-helix structures, and a few are in single-stranded form. Most of these nucleic acid molecules are cyclic and a few are linear. For example, the E. coli chromosome is a double-stranded circular DNA molecule consisting of 4.2×106 bp (base pairs), with about 3,000 to 4,000 genes, and more than 900 genes have been mapped.
2. Eukaryotes, including humans, have their genes mainly found in linear chromosomes in the nucleus. The gene present in the cytoplasm is located on circular mitochondrial DNA. The DNA sequence of the genes in the nucleus consists of two parts, a coding sequence and a non-coding sequence. The coding order is discontinuous and is separated by a non-coding order. Secondly, the size of eukaryotic organisms varies greatly. For example, the gene length of human hemoglobin is only about 1700 bp, while the duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene is 2300 kb in length. It is the largest human being ever known. gene.
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