Second, the development of the book industry in Song Dynasty
The engraving and printing business in the Song Dynasty was the golden age in the history of Chinese engraving and printing. Based on the foundation laid down by the Five Dynasties, the Central Government continued to imprint books. In addition to the Imperial College of the Imperial College, other government departments and local government offices carved and printed books, carried out a full-scale government engraved book business, and the private and inter-column engravings had further developed. Form a vast network of official, private, and square engraving systems. The content of the book has been further expanded. It not only engraves Confucian classics, but also engraves history, medical books, philosophies, books, books, books and famous poems. The government also edited and printed four large books and Buddhist and Taoist classics. Private engraved books are the most popular collections, and in-page engravings are mainly for sale and profit. In addition to engraving scriptures, there are also engraved books, elementary schools, and other private needs. Scholars should also read the books they need.
The Song dynasty was an important period for carrying on from the beginning to the end, and the prosperous book-making business had a profound effect on later generations.
The development of the printing industry and its great achievements are closely related to the development of socio-political and economic culture in the Song Dynasty.
(I) Background of the Development of Book Engraving in the Song Dynasty
1. Recovery of social economy and development of agricultural production
The establishment of the Song dynasty ended the situation of the five generations and ten nations in the separatist war since the Anshi uprising of the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the Khitan government in the north, the country is once again unified. In the early period of the Song Dynasty, when the Tang and the Five Dynasties were repealed, the gatekeepers occupied the land and the sermon system of the serfs by grade. Instead, the landlord could only purchase the tenant system of tenant production and tenant exploitation. The peasants had greater freedom of the person than before. With the encouragement of reclamation in the early Song Dynasty, improvement of agricultural implements, and reform of farming techniques, agriculture has quickly recovered and developed. The development of Putian Water Resources, the rise of metallurgy and mining, the division of military weaving, the advancement of the ceramic industry, and the development of the paper industry have promoted the development of commerce and the overall prosperity of society and economy. The engraving and printing technology has also acquired important conditions for its own development under this socio-economic and cultural background.
2. The rulers pursue the basic national policy of "emphasizing on lightness and arguing against the military force," paying attention to the entanglement and use of intellectuals.
The rulers of the Song Dynasty were very clear about the principle that "the kings must be treated by martial arts, but they must be treated by virtue of virtue". Therefore, it formulated a series of cultural policies to win over the people and consolidate the rule, such as: harmonizing laws and regulations, compiling laws and regulations, advancing academies, advocating Confucianism, advocating Confucianism, carrying out both Buddhism and Taoism, and the three religions. In order to strengthen and consolidate the central government, Song Taizu took every opportunity to seize the power of the military commander, and he took advantage of the high officials and gentlemen of the Wenchen officials. He even used more literati and soldiers in the military. This style of employing people has made it popular in the society that academics, meticulous articles, and cultural trends are admired. At the same time, the rulers reformed the imperial examination system. On the one hand, they opened the door of employment to all literati. On the other hand, they continued to expand the number of places to be enrolled. Each year, as many as two or three thousand people were examined, which was a growth factor two compared to the Tang Dynasty. , 30 times, and the lifters do not have to pass the examination of "body, speech, book, sentence" to be official, the court expressed grace for many times without long-term test, special gifted undergraduate, called "special The name of the player." Through these means, the Song Dynasty established a large bureaucracy, which enabled a large number of middle- and lower-class literary men to enter their careers. In order to consolidate the services of the centralized government, the state gave them generous treatment. This temptation to “get the lifelong prosperity of a long day†attracted People are keen on the merits of the imperial examinations, and the ranks of scholars have rapidly expanded. The demand for textbooks that must be read, including Confucian classics and various reference readings, has become more urgent and intense. The ever-increasing social demand for books will inevitably promote the development of books and books.
3. The government pays attention to collecting, compiling and sorting books, and unprecedented development of cultural undertakings
Several emperors at the beginning of the Song Dynasty also paid great attention to the collection, collection, compilation, arrangement, and use of books. According to "Yu Hai" records: The Song Dynasty royal family has more than 10,000 volumes of books. In the military campaign to level out the countries, the rulers of the Song Dynasty paid great attention to the collection of maps left by various countries to enrich official collections. During the Taizong Kaibao years, the court collection has increased to more than 80,000 volumes. At the same time, the state took measures to collect books extensively. Any person who has a book, depending on the value of his book and the ability of the person who wrote the book, appoints a directory of the missing books and sends people to seek books throughout the country. It also stipulated the task for the central government to pay for new books. The scarcity of books is supplemented by specialized agencies. After several efforts, the number of books has greatly increased.
After the Tang and the Five Dynasties, the three pavilions were still the main institutions of state collection. At the beginning of the Song Dynasty, the addition of the secret court to manage the books was initiated. At the time of Emperor Shenzong, the Chongwen Academy was established on top of the secret court. The three pavilions and secret pavilion books are also located in the court at Longtu Pavilion, Jade Pavilion, Taiqing Building and so on.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, local governments also built book collection agencies, which were extremely common in the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, in the eleventh government of Jiangnan, each government has a certain amount of books. The private collection of books has also seen greater development. At that time, "Officials, there were thousands of books in the home." There have been many famous private book collectors. For example, in the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiang Zheng, Li Fang, Song Huan, Wang Hao, and others later had Ye Mengde, Gong Gongwu, Zheng Yi, You Yi, Chen Zhensun, and others. The collections of these book collectors have reached more than 10,000 volumes.
While paying attention to the collection of books, the government attached great importance to school printing and finishing. During the Taizong and True Zong dynasties, they organized school books and books for many times. The pavilion pavilion in the Secret Hall of the three museums of the Song Dynasty is an excellent talent selected from among the learned young people in the section. By these people, the government collated, collated, and edited the collections of the government books. They engaged in the consolidation of books and the compilation of books with a high degree of academic ability and ample time so that the quality of the government's collection of books continued to increase. In the 6th year (1034) of King Jensen, Renzong organized and edited the book, and after seven years, he compiled the first national collection of books in the Northern Song Dynasty - the "Chongwen Head" volume 66, describing more than 30,600 books. volume.
During the Southern Song Dynasty, the government continued to edit and organize its collection of books. In the four years (1177) of the Qing Dynasty, Xiaozong spent four decades in the national collection catalogue “Zhongxing Library Catalogue,†and recorded more than 44,000 volumes of books, compared to “Chongwenâ€. In addition, the number of books increased by more than 14,000. At the time of the 13th year (1220) of Jiading, Ningzong, the number of books increased again. The government also compiled the "Zhongxing pavilion sequel" and recorded more than 59,000 volumes of books. At the same time, the Song Dynasty also compiled the Shizhi Catalogue "Guo Shi Yi Wen Zhi." The continuous increase in the growth and quality of national book wealth provides important basic conditions for the development of imprinted books in the future.
4. Prosperous cultural undertakings, unprecedented academic activity
As the country pays great attention to collecting and sorting books in large quantities, it has promoted the development of social and cultural undertakings, and it has also affected the growth of privately edited bibliography. Some private book collectors often serve in the pavilion and participated in the cataloging of school books. They have high knowledge and rich experience and are favorable conditions for compiling personal catalogs. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the private collection of books actually exceeded the list of official revisions. Not only in reference to the value of use exceeds the level of the government's collection of books, and even in the compilation of theories and methods, they have proposed new opinions on classification, description, revision, etc., to make up for and correct shortcomings and deficiencies in the list of official revisions. Such as Wu Jing, Li Shu, Yu Gongwu, You Yi, Zheng Yi, Chen Zhensun and others are all famous private book collectors in the Song Dynasty and have their own collection of books. Yu Jian's "Yaochu Church Bibliography" has recorded the different versions of the book for the first time, setting a precedent for the edition of the book. It is also the first collection of books that reflects the book has a printed version, from which you can understand the main types of early book imprints, printed areas and so on. In addition, Gong Gongwu's "Shi Ji Zhai Zhi Zhi" and Chen Zhen Sun's "Direct Zhizhai Book Proposal" are most famous for their questions.
The academic activities in the Song Dynasty were very active. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the government compiled three large-scale books, each with a thousand volumes: "The Book of the Mansions", "Tai Ping Yu Lan", and "Yuan Wen Ying Hua." Also edited five hundred volumes of Tai Ping Guang Ji. In the study of Confucian classics, due to the emphasis on justice, the development of science. The Cheng Song and Cheng Hao in the Northern Song Dynasty and Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty were all great influencers. There are also universities such as Wang Anshi and Lu Jiuyuan who are different from their opinions. In terms of history, Sima Guang wrote a famous chronicle book "Qian Zhi Tong Jian," and Zheng Kuang wrote the biography biography "Annals." Ouyang Xiu’s Collection of Ancient Records, Lu Dalin’s “Archaeological Drawings†and Zhao Mingcheng’s “Golden Stone Records†still have reference value. Zheng Xie's "Anonymous School" is the first theoretical monograph on bibliography. In terms of literature and arts, science and technology, it also showed a booming landscape. Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Bibi" summarized the achievements of the Song Dynasty science and technology. As the words and commentary of the Song Dynasty flourished, the poems were rich in content, and many collections were hundreds of giants.
The active academic thought in society and the emergence of a large number of books in new disciplines will undoubtedly play a positive role in the development of the printing industry.
(II) Official Engraving
The official engraved book refers to books printed by various government agencies of the government. There are also differences between the central and local officials.
Central Government Engraved Book
(1) Engraved by Guozijian. After the Five Dynasties, the Song Dynasty government engraved books were still undertaken by the Guozijian. The Imperial College is both the highest educational institution, the state's educational management organization, and the main unit of the central government's book engraving. The book it engraved was called "the monitor."
The rulers of the Song Dynasty advocated Xinghua, analyzed Wuwu, suppressed the giants, and strengthened centralization. By reusing intellectuals and cultivating talents and paying attention to the use of literature, we continue to publicize Confucius as a human being, and Confucius as an imperial class, which further enhances the status of Confucianism. "The History of the Song Dynasty Taizu" contains: Song Taizu big Confucianism, put forward the idea of ​​"as a must-have scholar". In the 7th year of Kaibao, “Shangyiâ€, “Poetry†and “Book†were taught by the Three Classics, followed by the Three Classics and the Three Capitals, and Tian Min, who presided over the engraving and printing of the nine classics during the Five Dynasties, was awarded and rewarded. Apparel, enamel and silverware. During Taizong's many times, he saw the Imperial College of the People's Republic of China, and Dr. Li Xiang, the life doctor, said "Yi" and Sun Shuang said "The Book." In order to cultivate more excellent talents who are proficient in Confucianism, the state has taken measures such as enlarging the enrollment of Guozijian students and expanding school buildings. For example: In the first year of Renzong Kangding (1040), the country was granted 50 years of education. After Emperor Shenzong gave the Imperial College several times in succession, the Imperial College not only continued to engrave the Confucian classics, but also further developed the four groups of historical records, calculations, medical books, sub-books, collections, and word books, and class books. The original five-generation prints were printed directly, followed by re-engraving or re-engraving. In addition to the scriptures, the Tang Dynasty people's old sparsely and the Song people's new sparsely were carved. The Guozijian carved book gradually entered a climax.
First of all, the Confucian classics, in the first year of Emperor Taizong (988), ordered Kong Wei, Li Kan and other corrections (Don) Kong Yingda's Five Justices of Justice, which were printed by the Imperial Academy of China. Later, in the fifth year of Suihua (994), concurrently subordinating Guozijian Li Zhi again stated: "The five scripture books have been printed, but the second scripture, the second scripture, the filial piety scriptures, the Analects of Confucius, and the Seven Scriptures of Er Ya were not prepared. The meaning of Ren Jun training, this time to talk about Cui Yongzheng, Sun??, Cui Yi?? All excels at learning, Botong fine-tuned, hope that the addition of school, in preparation for publication." In the four years (1001) of Zhenzong Zhenzong, the engravings of these seven scriptures were completed. The Imperial College will use 12 classic Confucian classics