Life is filled with a wide range of emotions and experiences—joy, sorrow, excitement, and pain. Have you ever wondered why people feel happy when they are in a good mood, like the warmth of sunlight, or why they feel as if they're burning in pain, like falling into an endless abyss? What changes occur in the brain that lead to such emotional responses? How does the brain generate happiness or sadness, and why do our heartbeats race or our minds feel overwhelmed by emotional storms? Emotions play a vital role in shaping our lives. They add color to our experiences, help us avoid danger, and are essential for survival. However, the way the brain encodes emotional information has long remained a mystery. Recently, a groundbreaking study led by Hu Haiyan's research group at the Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, has taken a significant step toward decoding the brain’s emotional language. On September 22nd, the journal *Nature Neuroscience* published a paper titled *"Using TAI-FISH to observe the emotional valence map of the limbic system of the brain."* The study introduces a new technique called TAI-FISH, which allows researchers to explore how different parts of the forebrain limb system respond to positive or negative emotional stimuli. Emotions can be classified in various ways—by intensity, by their positive or negative nature, or by their strength. The forebrain limb system, including areas like the cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus, plays a central role in processing these emotions. However, previous techniques had limitations in distinguishing whether the same neurons responded to both positive and negative stimuli or if separate neurons encoded different emotions. Under the guidance of Hu Haiyan, graduate students Jianbo and Zhang Qi developed a method using double staining of mRNA and protein markers, specifically c-fos, which is rapidly expressed after neural activation. By applying two emotional stimuli in sequence and timing the detection of c-fos mRNA and protein, they were able to distinguish the neural responses to each stimulus. They also used a tyrosine signal amplification system to enhance clarity, making it possible to observe brain activity at the single-cell level across the entire brain. This powerful technique was named TAI-FISH. Using this tool, along with stimuli such as morphine, chocolate, foot shocks, and restraint, the team discovered three distinct patterns of emotional coding in the forebrain limb system: separation, coincidence, and mismatch. For example, the nucleus accumbens showed a unique "mismatch" pattern, where two groups of non-overlapping neurons responded to either preference or aversion. When a preferred and an aversive stimulus were presented together, the neural response was largely overlapping, but when a preferred and an aversive stimulus were paired, the response was interlaced. This suggests that the nucleus accumbens may be crucial in encoding emotional polarity. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, on the other hand, showed a "coincidence" pattern, where the same neurons responded to both rewarding and aversive stimuli, possibly encoding emotional intensity. This research makes two major contributions to our understanding of emotion. First, it overcomes technical limitations that previously hindered detailed studies of how different stimuli activate specific neural circuits. TAI-FISH enables high-resolution, whole-brain analysis at the single-cell level. Second, it reveals, for the first time, how multiple brain regions respond to emotional stimuli, pointing to key areas involved in emotional coding. The study was conducted by Ph.D. students Bo and Zhang Qi under the supervision of Hu Haiyan. Collaborators included Ph.D. students Zhou Tao and Zhou Tingting, as well as assistant researcher Chen Yang. The project was supported by several prestigious programs, including the Chinese Academy of Sciences Pilot Project, the Hundred Talents Program, the Jieqing Project, the "973" Project, and the State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience.

ECE R129 Baby Car Seat

Car Seat Safety Tips

Easily take Baby in & out of your car with a seat you can use from day one.

Affordability
If you have more than one car you still only need one Infant Car Seat. Place a base in each car and seamlessly move the car seat from each vehicle.
Longevity
Lasts from day one to about one year, when Baby reaches the maximum height or weight depending on your baby car seat.
Compatibility
Most car seats are Stroller-compatible & can easily go in & out of your car (measure ahead of time to make sure the seat fits).
Styles
You can pick a car seat simply based on how it looks & fits your lifestyle. No matter which you choose, it`s going to be safe.

Lightweight , easy-to-carry seats that click in and out of a stationary car seat base without waking Baby.

Keep children in a rear-facing car seat as long as possible. Be ready to move into a convertible car seat when your child reaches the height and weight limit of your infant car seat.

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