When choosing a place to camp -
â— Do not get too close to streams or ponds, especially in rainy seasons. Whether it is local or upstream, heavy rain may cause the flood to explode without warning.
â— Do not place camps under dry trees or under dry branches. They may fall and hit you.
â— Do not place the camp on the road where the beast walks, nor should it be near the waterside. Animals may appear and endanger your safety.
Cut down the shrubs near the camp and give yourself some space for activities. At the same time, you can ventilate and ventilate the fire. It can also reduce insect infestation, eliminate the hiding place of snakes, and make it easier for air searchers to see you.
Semi-evergreen seasonal forest
The areas where tropical semi-evergreen seasonal forests are located are -
â— South America. Some parts of Colombia and Venezuela, as well as the Amazon basin.
â— Africa. Some parts of southwest coast of Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.
â— Asia. Northeastern India, most parts of Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Java, and parts of other Indonesian islands.
The characteristics of semi-evergreen seasonal forests in the Americas and Africa are consistent with the characteristics of seasonal forests in Asia. These characteristics are:
â— There are two tree layers. The average height of the upper trees is 60-80 feet (18-24 meters), and the average height of the lower trees is 20-45 feet (6-14 meters).
â— The average diameter of trees is 2 feet (0.6 meters).
â— There is a dry season with leaves dying.
With the exception of Sago, Nipa Palm, and Coconut Palm, the edible plants that grow in this area are the same as in the tropics.
Tropical shrubbery
Tropical shrubs are distributed in the following areas -
â— America. West Coast of Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula, Venezuela, and Brazil.
â— Africa. The northwest coast of Africa, and the southern inland regions of Africa - Angola, Zambia, Tanzania, and Malawi.
â— Asia. Turkestan and India.
The main characteristics of tropical shrubs are -
â— There is a clear boundary between the dry season and the rainy season. The length of the two seasons will change with the year. Most of the rain was heavy rain and heavy downpours.
â— In the dry season, trees and leaves are falling and bare. The average height of the trees is 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 meters). In some places, the lower layers of the jungle are entwined together.
â— The ground is almost bare, except for some bundled vegetation. Rarely seen grass plants.
â— Most plants are long-thorned.
â— There will be fires at regular intervals.
In the dry season of the tropical shrubbery, it is difficult to find food. The main food types come from the following plant parts: tubers, bulbs, bulbs, pith, resins, nuts, seeds, and grains.
In the rainy season, plant foods are much richer. You should look for the plants listed below (see the description in Chapter 18).
Acacia Tree, Acacia Tree Wild Chicory Immortal Fruit
Tequila Wild Fig St. John Bread Tree
Almond juniper tamarind
Baobab Seashore Water Lilies
Wild orange fruit cashew
Tropical Savanna
Tropical savannahs are distributed in -
â— South America. Part of Venezuela, Brazil, and Guyana.
â— Africa. Southern Sahara (North Africa inland and Southern Sudan), Gold Coast (West Africa, Ghana. Translator's Note) Northern Region, most of Nigeria, North East Zaire, Northern Uganda, Western Kenya, Ma Some parts of Ravi, parts of Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and western Madagascar.
The characteristics of tropical savannah are -
â— They are located only in the tropics of South America and Africa.
â— They look like vast, lush pastures with some trees in the middle.
â— Gramineous plants grow in bundles, often more than 6 feet high, and the boundary between a bunch of grass and another bunch of grass is very clear.
â— Sporadic trees are usually short and rough, much like apple trees.
â— The soil is usually red.
The savanna in South America usually has a long dry season. In contrast, the rainy season is very short. On these savannah, there are high and short grasses. When the rainy season comes, the grass is dotted with bright flowers. Grains of these grasses and the underground parts of seasonal plants that grow during the rainy season are the main plant food sources in the area.
There are two types of savannah in Africa: tall grasses and soba.
The tall grass prairies are distributed around tropical rain forests, with rough, 5-15 foot (1.5-4.5 m) tall grasses. Unless the local residents burn these grasses in the dry season, the grasslands are almost inaccessible.
The vast majority of African savannahs are grassy savannah grasslands with an average height of 3 feet (0.9 meters).
On the prairie there are small trees and large trees. The largest tree is the baobab.
Dangers in the tropics
Although there are poisonous snakes and other large animals in the tropics, they are only a small part of the danger. The greatest danger comes from insects. Some of them transmit diseases. Some insects have bites that are poisonous. Infection of the wound, even if it is a small injury like a bruise, is a great danger.
Mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, dragonflies, otters, spiders, scorpions, crickets, crickets, wasps, wild bees, and ants live in humid tropical regions. Take the following measures to prevent the biting of these insects:
â— Try to avoid areas that may be breeding insects.
â— Use common insect repellent, if applicable, on all exposed skin and clothing openings.
â— Wear tight clothes, especially at night.
â— Put the trousers into the boots, put the sleeves down, buckle the buttons, and fasten the buttons on the collar.
â— Wear gloves and, if so, wear a mosquito hood.
â— Anchor the camp away from wetlands.
â— If there is a mosquito net, use a mosquito net to cover it when sleeping. If there is no mosquito net, apply mud to face during sleep.
Flat ticks and fleas are blood-sucking parasites, so they only parasitize warm-blooded animals. Some ticks and fleas carry infectious viruses. Flat ticks usually gather in the grass. They can crawl onto your clothes or on your body. You can brush them off. Check your skin every day for ticks. Check them at least once a day. If they stick to your skin, follow The previously explained steps remove them.
Fleas are common in dry, dusty buildings. They may be lurking under your toenails or they may enter your skin where they lay eggs. Use a sterile knife to dig up the fleas and keep the wound clean. In India and southern China, fleas on mice transmit groin inflammation. A dead rat found in a mouse population usually means a plague. Fleas may also spread typhus fever.
In many parts of the tropics, especially in Malaya and Indonesia, mice also carry parasites that can transmit jaundice and other diseases.
In many parts of the Far East, the red mouse carries a type of typhoid fever virus. They live in the soil and the cavern is a few inches above the ground. In the tall grasses, in the felled jungle and on the banks of the river, red mice are also common. Do not lie or sit on the floor directly. When camping, clean the ground and burn it. Treat insects with insect repellent.
Water leeches are common in the wet lower jungle. You may see leeches on the plants, on the ground, in the water. They can pass through the holes in the shoe or climb to the top of the shoe.
Spiders, cockroaches and scorpions are also abundant in the tropics. Some spiders are poisonous. The largest spider is called tarantula. It rarely bites but is covered with short, hard fluff. If you touch them, your skin will be quite painful. The cockroach will use the head-like fangs and venom injections. The cockroaches will feel like a bee sting. The scorpion has poisonous glands on its tail. Although some of the scorpions are not fatal, most scorpions will suffer severe pain and severe discomfort after biting. Scorpions are usually hidden under stones or under the bark of dead trees, and at night they often hide in shoes. So before you wear it, be sure to check your socks, shoes, and clothes first. Check the bed for any pests before going to bed. Any biting insects can cause redness and pain.
Dragonflies, wasps, wild bees, and ants are all pests that can harm you. Many biting ants live on the branches and leaves of tropical trees. Almost all of the vines hanging on the branches of mangroves bite ants. Do not camp near the ant hole or on the side of ant activity.
Do not walk barefoot at all times. Shoes can protect their feet from reptiles, flat bites, and can protect the wound and reduce their chance of infection.
Be careful of crocodiles in the waters of the tropics. They like to lie on the shore or float on the water. Only their eyes show up on the surface like a piece of wood. Be careful when you are wading, bathing, and near the water, especially where there is clearly a crocodile. Avoid them at all times. If you have to go into the water, do not throw the water on it. This will startle the crocodile.
In saltwater catchments, such as estuaries, bays, or lagoon, sharks that attack people may swim near the coast. Many sharks living in the shallow waters of tropical seas have attacked humans. Sharks over 4 feet (1.2 meters) in length can be very dangerous. Not all sharks expose their fins to the surface (see Chapter 16). Barracudas that live in muddy water will also attack humans.
Hat jellyfish is another danger in salt water. These creatures that resemble jellyfish have stinging tentacles and their tentacles can be as long as 50 feet (15 meters). After they are stabbed, they can cause severe pain and may even cripple the victim.
The islands in the Pacific Ocean have a very regular tidal phenomenon every day. However, storms in nearby waters will interrupt normal tides and extend the time of high tides and low tides. During each tidal change, a large amount of water enters and exits the atoll bay. Do not try to swim or ride through the deeper waterways. Wait until the water is calm or after the ebb tide has passed. Try not to be flushed by the floodwaters to reefs far away from the coast. When the tide flows over the rocks, there is a force that makes walking difficult and dangerous for swimmers.
Surfing is not dangerous unless you are weak or the waves caused by the storm are over 8 feet (2.4 meters) high. Before hitting the reef, the waves will not be interrupted, and the cycle of their movement to the sea is very clear. If you must swim, you can use the calm gap between the big waves. Head up into the waves, if you are in shallow water, a big wave in front of you will be disconnected, dive into the water, grab a rock, and hold on until the wave is over. Take advantage of the diminishing power of the waves to take you to the shore.
In chapter 7, you have read the sea food you can get, but you must also be careful about some of the dangers of the tropical coast.
Many fish meats living in the waters near the reef contain toxins. Some fish you think are edible, such as red snappers and barracudas, but they are poisonous if they are obtained from atolls or coral reefs. Some fish use thorns or “tooth†to inject toxins into careless people.
Do not walk barefoot on coral reefs. Corals, whether dead or alive, can split your feet. The seemingly harmless sponges and sea urchins have long thin thorns made of lime or silica that can penetrate your skin and cause ulceration. A stonefish that is almost invisible will not give you a way out. Its spinal spine is poisonous and will cause you great distress and may even lead to death. The method of healing is the same as healing a snake bite.
In the tropical waters, use a stick when you probe the black hole. Do not use your hands. When walking in muddy or sandy river bottoms or on the coast, do not arbitrarily move. Move slowly along the bottom of the water to avoid stepping on stingrays or other stinging animals.
Conical snails, or snails with long, thin, pointed heads, are also poisonous. They live on rocky shores or protected bays, found mostly under rocks or in cracks in coral reefs. All tapered snails should be avoided by hand.
Take care when holding big conch in your hand. They have sharp, knife-edge doors that, when they try to escape, may suddenly pierce and pierce your skin.
If you must go through the deep part of the reef, you should carefully check the edge of the reef to see if there are any sharks, barracudas, or sea otters. Begonia hides in the dark caves of coral reefs, and when they are disturbed, they will behave very ferociously.
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