The essence of CMS technology viewed from the development of color management

Even though today's electronic publishing is cheaper and easier to use than previous systems, the high quality of color reproduction still requires rigorous training. Color is a complex subject that is more complex than our computer-based reproduction.

Color management can save time and money by reducing the total number of hours and the amount of material for color users when completing color production tasks. Allows the user to match colors on different input and output devices, to see in advance what color cannot be exactly duplicated on a specific device, and to simulate the device's color range on another device for accurate, repeatable color reproduction It involves the use of software and hardware to calibrate and use data curves to represent input and output devices.

At the end of the 1980s, several application software developed by several companies that led color technology to solve the problem of mismatched color between devices in a color table publishing system was commonly referred to as a color management system or CMS. However, early color management systems were not widely adopted. One of the basic problems is that each device uses a different architecture. In order to implement the color matching function, the application manufacturer must create some specific requirements for it because there is no universal color management architecture. Can be used, each application itself must cooperate with the hardware supplier, of course, the new and improved CMS has been introduced, but there is no consistent compatibility between the source file and the results.

Color management software is system software that provides an integrated framework for the exchange and collocation of color information between input devices, displays, applications, and output devices. An application program interface (API) is an architecture that allows applications and drivers to request extensions from specific programs or systems. Apple's color management software application interface enables applications and drivers to require color matching capabilities from the Color Matching Module (CMM). Like many other similar software, software developers can fully utilize the open architecture of color management software without extensive development or joint research. When developers, such as Adobe, want to implement color management software in their applications, they simply write the code to the application interface and return to the application interface to complete the color matching.

The development of measuring devices has been developed in parallel with color desktop publishing applications or color management systems. These measuring devices are the authorizing technologies for color management. Before the measuring devices are available, the color control on the printing press is mainly judged and adjusted by the naked eye, but it is affected by many factors. The following three devices can be used to measure color in print production workflows:

1. Densitometer A photoelectric device that measures and calculates the amount of light that is known to be reflected or transmitted. Densitometer is a simple device that is primarily used in printing, prepress, and photographic applications to determine the intensity of a measured color.
2. The colorimeter measures light in a pattern similar to the human eye. It separates light into red, green, and blue light, then uses the CIE color space to determine the color value, and then converts the measurement results to visible light. Color space diagram.
3. The total light energy measured by the spectrophotometer at several intervals in the visible spectrum of the object's reflection. The result is a set of complex reflectance data described by visible spectral curves. A spectrophotometer is the most accurate, useful, and flexible device because it gathers complete color information into simple colorimeters or colorimeter data.

Device calibration is an important step in the color management of the table, because the performance of displays and input devices (scanners and printers) can change over time, and calibration can often ensure that all devices meet the conditions or conditions set by the manufacturer. .

Calibration does make a big difference in the display, and the calibration monitor adjusts and corrects its gamma, black and white dots, and color balance. When the calibration software is used on the hardware, a series of colors is sent to the screen, and in response to the actual color value reached, the color management software description software creates a correction data curve to drive the display. The monitor should be calibrated on a regular basis, using the following methods:

1. Use the built-in hardware and software to calibrate the monitor.
2. Use built-in software and calibrate with monitor assistance software.

As the color management process calibrates the monitor, indoor glare, windows, and outdoor natural light can cause the same problems as uncalibrated displays, and dimmer switches should be used instead of traditional on-off switches. The device profile is generated after the device is calibrated.

The characterization provides a method for obtaining the entire color range and reproduction characteristics of the device in the calibration state. It is also a method to determine how the input device captures colors or how to record colors after the output device is calibrated. The characteristic description data provides input to the data. The establishment of the map.

In order to provide a precise color space from device to device, some data must exist to describe the color performance of each device. Today's digital color management system uses data plots to describe various color characteristics. Features Provide color management software to convert the color data between the device's color space and the device's independent color space.

To manage color, what must be done is to use data graphs to represent various devices in the workflow, and then use these charts to apply in the workflow. The process of creating data maps depends on the type of device. Scanners, monitors, printers, and printing methods are all very different and require different processes. Today's data map creation package typically includes tools for all devices. Using a data graph to represent a printing press as an example involves creating a test piece that is printed by a proofer or printer and then reading a color guide, such as a spectrophotometer, with the instrument. A spectrophotometer is a very sensitive measurement device. Its viewing color is basically similar to that of a physicist. Its viewing color is evaluated by wavelength.

The measurement results are entered into a common software package and several data calculations are generated using several complex calculation methods. This process is called the device characterization. In the context of color management, the actual results depend primarily on the actual accuracy of the device's data map, which produces high-quality results.

The color management software provides a built-in architecture to execute and manage these device data maps. The color management software data maps conform to the International Color Consortium (ICC) datagram format, which provides cross-platform standards for color data across devices and across operating systems. The data map created for a particular device can be converted to run different operating systems on the system. It is important to recognize that the data map representing this device is under its factory conditions. In fact, similar devices will also be biased, inconsistent, and require calibration. Device calibration should be done regularly to ensure accuracy.

Color management is the use of limited devices to make color more pre-determined. It uses a device-independent color profile to compare the space between each device and the standard color profile for comparison when changing colors between devices. Color profile With the color reproduction feasibility of the device as a feature, the color management module (CMM) performs color conversion, and the color profile is used for each device and the color management module, which can provide a wide range of application characteristics and can reduce the color reproduction. Time and cost. These include:

1. More accurate, consistent replication between devices.
2. Use the monitor as a proofing device, which is known as soft proofing.
3. A device can be simulated on another device for the purpose of proofing.
4. Completely check the correspondence and decide whether a particular color is duplicated on a particular device, otherwise select the closest duplicate color.
5. The placement of the color profile allows the user to store the color profile data, including the input device and other color files in the image.
The color management software and color measurement tools on the market can enable users to achieve this purpose and scan according to their purpose.

Calibration of machines, printing presses, and displays.

1. Scanner characteristics: Using color management programs and industry-standard IT8 scanner color scales, scanner users can distinguish the scanner's color reproduction process using the relevant standard color space, and this information Stored in an electronic file is called "Scanner Color Profile". This will assist in obtaining similar results in different scanners, and when combined with the characteristics of the press, it will assist the best match from original to print as much as possible.

2.Monitor characteristics (monitor characteristics): Color scans are displayed on the computer screen, that is, soft proofing or the collocation of screens and prints. The calibration display requires an emission colorimeter or chromatograph. Then, save this. The color screen's color profile, so it can be read by color separation software. This enables the different color displays to be synchronized under their individual performance and to complete the match between the display and the display.

3. Printer characteristics: The use of a color management program can characterize the printing process. The color profile can be used to create a color press or printing process and usually obtain an optimal color reproduction (second stage). Requires manuscripts and prints to be collocated. The printer's color profile must also be used to match the screen to the prints. In order to obtain a match between the proofs and the prints or a match between the prints and the prints, the two devices Color profiles (between proofers and printers, or between two printers) are also needed.

Different imaging devices (scanners, monitors, printers) work in different color spaces and each can have its own full color gamut or range of colors that it can produce. For example, different color display manufacturers may also use RGB colors but may have different RGB panchromatic gamuts. The CMYK workspace of the printing press has dramatic changes in its full color gamut, especially if different printing techniques are used, even if the full color gamut of the same printer can be changed by the type of ink or paper used.

Color matching is the process of adjusting the converted color from the full color space of one color space to another so that the maximum similarity value is achieved. It is easy to understand that the conversion of CMYK colors from RGB colors to individual printers on individual displays can lead to unexpected results in their use of specific paper types. When an image is output to a display or printer, the device displays only the colors within its full color range. Similarly, when the image is scanned, only those colors within the full color range of the scanner are saved. It is not possible to reliably reproduce each other's colors between devices in different full color gamuts, but careful modification of image colors on one device can improve visual matching when viewed on another monitor.

Since the full color gamut of each device is different, it is impossible to have perfect color matching among devices. The color matching module (CMM) performs the matching of the full color gamut and selects the job that is closest to the duplicate color. CMM uses color management software to use data graph representation or color conversion engines. In the application of color management software, CMM transforms data from one device color to another device color through an independent color space. The CMM obtains the necessary information from the data map, so that it is possible to accurately convert colors from one device to another, although the devices are different and their color results are still the same.

If you want to simulate the condition of the printer on the school prototype and on the screen, you can use the software to load data such as screen data graphs, proofs data graphs, and press data graphs into the CMM and compare it with the necessary information back to the screen. All of these are done by the end user because the CMM is built into the operating system and the color management software controls the application requirements to the CMM.

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