The so-called frostbite is a systemic or local injury caused by a cold attack. The main causes of frostbite are: low temperature, prolonged body exposure, humidity, and the loss of large amounts of heat caused by feng shui. The promotion or aggravation of important factors are the following: malnutrition, excessive fatigue, lack of sleep, limbs are still, drunk and so on. Types of frostbite based on degree: In simple terms, the degree of frostbite is the same as that of burns. It is divided into four categories: red, swollen, hot, and scrofula. 1 degree frostbite, clinical manifestations: local skin erythema and mild edema. After thawing and rewarming: local skin becomes red or purple, swollen, and congested. The patient felt local heat, itching or burning pain. Recovery of prognosis: Symptoms disappear and recover after a few days, leaving no traces of the skin, and the function is not affected. Picture from wiki 2 degrees of frostbite, clinical manifestations: The skin has blisters or bullae formation, there is a yellow viscous liquid or viscous plasma in the bubble. After thawing and rewarming: localized more severe pain, and is not sensitive to hot and cold tingling. Prognosis recovery: Symptoms disappear and recover after a few days. The skin does not leave any traces and the function is not affected. Picture from wiki 3 degrees frostbite, clinical manifestations: total skin necrosis. After thawing and rewarming: The skin is brownish and black, showing obvious necrosis. Sometimes the skin will turn white and then become necrotic. Recovery of prognosis: Marked and dysfunctional skin after recovery. Is a more serious performance of frostbite. Picture from wiki 4 degrees of frostbite, clinical manifestations: body parts of necrosis, such as extremities, limbs. After thawing and rewarming: The skin gradually turns brown and black, showing obvious necrosis. Sometimes the skin will turn white and then become necrotic. Recovery of prognosis: There are scars and functional disorders on the skin, leaving a disability. According to the environment and location, the type of frostbite is: 1. According to the frostbite environment, it is divided into: "Fighting foot", "water immersed hands, water immersed feet", etc. 2. According to the frostbite site is divided into: can be divided into local frostbite and body frostbite Causes of frostbite and how to deal with it Frostbite causes: 1. Under normal low temperature environment (around 0 degrees), the loss of local heat increases and the body temperature decreases; 2. The sleeves and trousers are tied tightly, and the circulation of blood is not conducive to blood circulation and aggravate frostbite; 3. Dietary calorie intake is not enough; 4. Hemorrhage caused by injury, local heat loss caused by shock Symptoms of local frostbite: cold, pale, hard, numbness; redness, tingling, burning, blisters; skin turns from bluish purple, gray to black, brown Locations of localized frostbite: face, nose, ear, elbows, forearms, wrists, fingers, toes, squatting. Exposure to snow can damage the arm, abdominal wall and external genitalia. Frostbite emergency treatment measures: rapid recovery from the cold environment as soon as possible. How to reheat it? Soak people in 40-42 degrees of water, soak in water continuously to keep the water temperature. Stop soaking after rewarming. Local use water or soapy water after cleaning cream. More than 2 degrees frostbite, need dressing dressing well. When a large area of ​​the skin has frostbite or necrosis, tetanus antitoxin or toxoid is injected. Picture from wiki Picture from wiki In the absence of warm water in the wild, the wounded can also be rewarmed by placing them under the armpits of the unfrozen person or in the groin. Note that it is forbidden to broil the affected area by brewing fire, snowballs, cold water or vigorously. The cause of systemic frostbite: It often occurs in alpine adventures or other accidents: staying in a cold environment for too long, keeping warm and preventing cold measures is not enough, trapped in snow or immersed in ice water drunk and hungry. Whole body frostbite clinical manifestations: The skin was pale and cold at the beginning. After rewarming, there is edema and chills. As the body temperature gradually decreases, the patient feels numbness, weakness, extreme tiredness, and hallucinations. The examination revealed that the breathing was slow and shallow, the heartbeat was slow, and eventually the coma. Heartbeat and breathing stops when severe. The location of the body's frostbite damage: It usually hurts the internal organs. Bones, muscles, liver, kidneys, pancreas. Can cause: ventricular fibrillation (heartbeat 200-400 / minute, generally so that the person will die in 1-2 minutes will die), gastric mucosal bleeding. During the recovery period, there may be thrombosis and tissue ischemic necrosis. Systemic frostbite emergency treatment methods: body warm, quickly and properly move the injured to a warm environment, take off clothes, cover the quilt. Wrap hot water bags or kettles with cloth or clothes and place them under the armpits to quickly warm up the groin. Or soaked in 34-35 degrees water for 5-10 minutes, then increase the temperature of the soaking water to 40-42 degrees, and the wounded will stop heating after regular breathing. After the wounded consciousness exists, it can drink hot drinks or a small amount of wine. Immediately after cardiopulmonary resuscitation upon sudden death. "Three Noes" and "Three Diligence" to Prevent Frostbite "Three Noes" One: No wet, tight shoes and socks; Two is not: not standing still for a long time; Three not: do not climb alone in the absence of preparation. "Sanqin" A diligence: diligence; Second Qin: diligent face; Sanqin: Use hot water to dig your feet. Frostbite Tips: 1. Why can't I drink alcohol in the mountains? Two hours after normal drinking, heat is produced. The heat that is felt immediately after drinking is actually the capillaries on the skin are opening, and the heat that the body itself has is being lost to the outside. As a result, frostbite can only be aggravated, so drinking on the mountain is prohibited.