Ming style furniture is exquisite in materials and fine in material selection; the shape is concise, the proportion is moderate; the structure is scientific, the precision is exquisite; the decoration is exquisite, the technique is diverse and famous in the world, it is a wonderful work of Chinese traditional furniture, in Chinese furniture and even the world furniture Both of them have an important historical position in the history of development. Its shape and structure are deeply influenced and influenced by ancient Chinese Confucianism, Taoism and popular culture after the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Both the aesthetic concept and the expression technique reflect the profound cultural connotation of the Chinese nation, such as Ming furniture. The Ming style circle chair, which is one of the classic seats, combines the philosophical thoughts of the whole family and realizes the perfect unity of man and nature, individual and society, reason and emotion, material and mind. It can be said that the potential design concept formed by its profound cultural heritage has pointed out the direction for the development of modern Chinese furniture. Therefore, the discussion and research on the design concept of Ming style furniture has far-reaching significance.
I. The philosophy of "introspection" and "the doctrine of the mean"
Confucianism is a traditional Chinese moral concept. As Confucius' grandson, Zi Si emphasized in "The Doctrine of the Mean": "He is not flowing", "Neutral is not dependent", "China is also the greatest in the world; and also, the world is also the way." Neutralization, the status of heaven is ambiguous, and everything is bred." The doctrine of the mean of the form pays attention to "Zhongzheng" and "China Bank". In the connotation, it is advocated that everything should not be excessive and implicit, so as not to be counterproductive. This traditional idea has been perfectly reflected in the shape of traditional Chinese furniture, especially in the Ming Dynasty, the line style is refined into simple, smooth, stretched and rigid in the traditional techniques. Whether it is the component of the large curvature or the decorative line of the small curvature, the pattern, the tooth plate, most of them are simple and straight, smooth and smooth, and there is no sense of softness. Especially in the Ming Dynasty furniture shape, the perfect combination of straight line and curve, not only makes the style of the line have a stable and straight line, but also has a smooth and elegant curve, which makes the furniture look and feel, soft and soft, with a shape and spirit. The characteristics of the combination are the symmetrical overall frame of the Ming-style circle chair, the externally-expanded inset of the chair ring and the armrest, the drum-legged and the knuckle-legged legs and the overall shape of the round and round place, and the rounded legs. The collection of the foot, the floating shoulders in front of the four-headed official hat chair, the shoulders on the four-piece cabinet, etc. not only convey the moderate and subtle "cultural characteristics", but also reflect the Confucian "neutral" and "gentle and honest" Aesthetic thoughts.
Second, the practical study of "the use of the world"
The rapid development of Ming Dynasty furniture is closely related to the changes of Confucianism since the middle of Ming Dynasty. The Donglin School advocates practical learning in the field of ideology and culture, advocates reform, and encourages innovation. This spirit of pursuing science has greatly promoted the rapid development of furniture manufacturing technology in the Ming Dynasty. To a certain extent, it has created the durable structure of Ming style furniture and the cultural characteristics of heavy and light. Especially under the guidance of this practical philosophy, the Ming style furniture structure realizes the perfect unity of structure and function. On the basis of the beam-column structure of the ancient Chinese wooden frame building, it has been continuously improved and developed. The organic combination of various parts of the furniture is simple and clear, which not only conforms to the mechanics principle, but also attaches great importance to practicality and beauty. Such as the tyrant between the bottom of the table and the leg, which not only simplifies the appearance of the furniture, but also the mechanical strength of the structure, and the high arched vault in the form of a stable and stable feeling; For example, the lattice corner panel structure for stools, chairs, table tops and cabinet doors not only adapts to the expansion and contraction deformation of the wood, but also avoids the warpage of the panel and covers the exposed cross-section of the wood. Greatly enhance the aesthetics of the furniture. In addition, the ingenious treatment of Ming style furniture in the overall size ratio and details also fully reflects the unique practical ingenuity and Confucianism care for reality and humanity, such as the humanized curved backrest of the Ming-style circle chair, the armrest and the brain. The design of the seat ring and the decoration of the partial metal members and the proportional relationship between the various members. Especially the former, it also reflects the practical humanization. Through the measurement of a large number of handed down objects, we can find that the design of many furniture in size is very scientific, and most of them are in line with the ergonomic proportional relationship, in modern scientific terms. It is said that Ming style furniture pays great attention to ergonomics.
Third, "returning to the truth", "the combination of heaven and man"
After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the traditional Chinese mainstream culture encountered challenges, and the Taoist thoughts, which were in a complementary relationship with Confucianism, affected the development of Ming style furniture to a certain extent. Taoism is still "inaction", emphasizes "natural", and pursues the cosmology of "Heaven and Man". It is reflected in the Ming style furniture is a simple decoration, soft linear and natural materials.
1) Simple decoration
Jane is a true aesthetic realm that is decorated with extreme rejuvenation and tends to nature. It is a simple and pure embodiment. Ming-style furniture is based on this culture. With appropriate lining and large-scale comparison between simplicity and imaginary and real, it creates the connotation of “nothing to be tiredâ€, which gives it a dignified and timeless beauty. State, such as the rhythmic structure of the Ming-style chair furniture frame, draws a large and small space, and the black and white in the Chinese painting has the same effect; and the embossed decoration in the backboard of the chair furniture And the bright feet, the metal decoration in the cabinet furniture, etc. are all examples of the simple decoration of Ming furniture.
2) Soft line style
Refined and feminine curve shape is one of the characteristics of Ming style furniture, which is related to it to some extent by the Taoist admiration of feminine beauty. For example, in Laozi? Chapter 76, “The strong man dies. The disciples, the weaker are born." "Soft" is an external image of the beginning of life, with unlimited potential. It is also this kind of feminine philosophy that gives Ming Dynasty furniture unlimited vitality and gives people unlimited imagination. For example, the inner legs of the Ming-style chair furniture give a kind of soft beauty while allowing to watch. The person appreciates the beauty of its inner strength, and the technique of chamfering of Ming furniture makes the edge of the Ming furniture give a hard beauty, but when the viewer touches it by hand, Feel very soft, and so on. Among them, the most classic portrayal of the beauty of femininity is to expand the inward-floating curved chair ring outside the Ming-style circle chair, which has obvious traces of classical beauty, and has a particularly soft look and feel, and is extremely versatile.
3) Natural materials
The use of natural materials is also a major feature of Ming style furniture, and in the pursuit of material beauty, the idea of ​​"Tao" has been deeply integrated into the soul of Ming style furniture. Laozi said: "The honor of the Tao, the nobleness of virtue, the life of the husband is always natural", and it believes that beauty is true. The materials used in Ming-style furniture are mostly precious woods that are hard and dense in wood, dark and elegant in color, and beautiful in texture. They give people a natural atmosphere, which coincides with Laozi’s theory. More importantly, the multi-wax is less enamel paint during the production process, which fully demonstrates the texture and texture of the wood body. This is also the perfect embodiment of the Taoist “return to the truth†idea. In short, the materials used in Ming Dynasty furniture in China are not only the use of a material, but also a special phenomenon of furniture culture. For example, the Ming style furniture made of huanghuali wood gives a jade's visual or tactile feeling in texture, luster and shape: it is gentle, firm and innocent, which is in line with the aesthetics of Confucian Shangyu, and its The beautiful natural texture and the elegant and elegant color also directly greet the philosophical thoughts of the Taoist "family life and natural", so Huanghualimu won the favor of the Ming Dynasty scholars.
4. The popular cultural philosophy of "true me" and "natural"
In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the towns flourished, the economy prospered, the market culture spread widely, and social concepts and ideology changed dramatically. In particular, the Ming Dynasty scholars' pursuit of "truth" and "natural" is not only reflected in their attention to the joy of seeking life, but also in relation to more social classes, but also reflected in their freely promoting their own subjective consciousness. This influence directly promotes the integration of literati and secularization of Ming style furniture decoration patterns, such as Huanglong, Hulong, Caolong, Qilin, Bat, Phoenix, Ganoderma lucidum, Peony, and tangled flowers in the Ming-style circle chair. Gourd, grass and moiré, etc., the extensive use of decorative patterns rich in auspicious intentions or high-level artistic conception not only fully demonstrates that the city's well-being and Confucianism and Taoism coexist, but also fully demonstrates the secular cultural philosophy of Ming Dynasty furniture. The profound impact.
In short, the design concept of Ming style furniture is a traditional Chinese philosophical culture, which reflects not only the cultural connotation of the furniture itself, but also the cultural status quo of the whole society and the mainstream culture of the society. This article is from the philosophy of "introspection" and "the doctrine of the mean", the practical study of "the use of the world", the "return to the truth", the "harmony between man and nature" and the popular culture philosophy of "truth" and "natural". From the perspective of some examples, the design philosophy of Ming style furniture is analyzed. I hope this can provide some ideas and methods for the innovative design of Chinese modern furniture.
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