Printing> Section 3 Printing of Banknotes, Stamps and Other Securities
Printing> First, banknote printing
Printing was used to print banknotes. It began in the Northern Song Dynasty and played an important role in the social and economic life of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. The privately issued banknotes of the Song Dynasty; Jiaozi; and the official distribution; Guanzi;,; Huizi; are the earliest banknotes that have appeared and applied in the world. Jinren’s; banknotes;,; vouchers; Yuan Dynasty’s; banknotes; and the Ming Dynasty’s; Da Ming’s popular banknotes; all played an important role in promoting the exchange of goods and developing the economy. However, due to mismanagement and over-issuance, inflation and currency devaluation have been withdrawn from the stage of history. By the Qing Dynasty, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty had been guilty of issuing banknotes to India. For more than two hundred years, only silver money and no banknotes were used, resulting in the inadequacies of printing technology in the field of banknote printing.
After the Opium War broke out, Western powers invaded China. At the same time as the economy plundered, Western banknotes also flowed into China. As a tool to plunder China’s wealth, banknotes played a special role.
As already mentioned, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty took lessons from the disadvantages of the previous generations of the issuance of banknotes. For 200 years, they used only money and no notes. Three years into Xianfeng (1853), the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom’s peasant uprising campaign caused great difficulties for the Qing Dynasty’s finances and economy. In order to raise the cost of military expenditure, the Qing court had to issue an exception to the issue of silver as the unit; the Ministry of official votes; and copper coins as a unit; Daqing treasure banknotes; This is what we call today; the origin of the word banknote;
Since then, China’s political situation has become more volatile and frequent. The Revolution of 1911, the war between the warlords, the Republic of China, and the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression took place in less than half a century. ◆ During various periods in China and everywhere, governments, warlords, powerful private individuals and foreigners printed bank notes. Unprecedented confusion in the management of banknotes in history. The invasion of foreigners broke the Qing government's long-term closed-door policy of locking the country, forcing it to accept Western economic views and science and technology, and thus also promoted the development and progress of printing technology in China, especially for special printed matters such as securities. This should also be affirmed.
Printing > (1) Banknote Printing by the Qing Government
In the late Qing dynasty, the Qing dynasty had a difficult economy and the state treasury was empty. In order to raise the cost of military needs, the original intention of not printing bank notes for 200 years had to be changed. The first banknote since the establishment of the Qing dynasty was printed in Xianfeng in 1853 (1853). The Ministry of official votes ; The official accounts for the issuance of the Ministry of Education are divided into one or two (Graphs 17-9), 32, 52, 12 and 525 in the form of two units of silver. In the middle of the face of the book, there are two kinds of front-end books: Manchu and Han. In the book; There are note scripts at the bottom of the bill, and the official ticket for the Ministry of Public Accounts is willing to redeem official money for exchanges and silver, and all officials are required to submit official articles according to the regulations to submit official articles to counterfeiters who are not responsible for the crime. On the back of the official account of the Ministry of Household Affairs, the bankrolls are signed in succession in the market circulation.
In the eight years of Xianfeng (1858), the Qing government issued and issued copper coins as a unit; At that time, the banknotes and official votes were combined; the banknotes; the words banknotes were born.
The Qing Dynasty banknotes printed in Xian Xianfeng for three years are divided into 250, 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, and 50 thousand ( Color chart 17-10) and hundreds of languages. The amount of money above the banknotes; Daqing banknotes; four large characters; the middle vertical book; the amount of money to collect a thousand words; and there are two words in the Manchu and Han languages ​​at the Wuchu 1000; The Indian seal; Red square seal; Lower note; This note is used to make money and to be paid in accordance with the transaction. Two. ;
Printed in the Qing Dynasty; the Ministry of official votes; and; Qingbao notes; mostly wood or copper plate printing, similar to Song, Yuan and Ming. The face of the ticket is a vertical square with a large size. Although it is a two-color or three-color overprint, the color is monotonous and the printing technology is not complicated. Many folks can imitate. At that time, the government must prevent civil forgery and no technical measures. It had to stamp official seals on the parcels to ensure credibility and enhance reliability. This is an early and simple counterfeit measure in the history of printing money in China. At the same time, the government has also enacted a law to protect the credibility of banknotes. Through the legal provisions punishing and rewarding counterfeiters and exposing reporters, counterfeiters are prevented and sanctioned to ensure the circulation and credibility of banknotes.
The banknotes of the Qing Dynasty were issued by the government; the official accounts of the Ministry of the People's Republic of China; and the Great Qingbao Banknotes; in addition, the official and private bank money lines in the late Qing Dynasty and private money shops were also issuing bank notes. Among them, private money shops have various titles such as money houses, money shops, money shops, and silver numbers, and they are a local financial industry. Its business is mainly the exchange of money and printing money tickets. It plays a role in coordinating with money production and arranging silver and playing a means of payment. The printing money issued by private banks was more simple and crude, and the amount of face value was more often written by hand. The lack of necessary anti-counterfeiting measures made the currency system more chaotic at the time.
In the 21st year of the Qing Emperor Guangxu (1895), Japan invaded and occupied Taiwan Province. Liu Yongfu, the Chinese general in Taiwan, led the Taiwanese people to rise up and resist.
During this period, the General Bureau of Money and Money Administration was established in Tainan, and the Tainan official silver ticket (Graph 17-11) was issued. Its value was equal to that of Taiwan’s silver currency at that time. It was mainly used to organize soldiers and soldiers and to support the resistance of Japanese invaders.
At the same time as the military incursions, Western powers also infused Western money into China and printed money for local and private silver of China. Their printed banknotes were beautifully drawn and well-printed due to the use of advanced modern printing techniques, which attracted the attention of people of insight in the Qing government. In particular, some government officials who have advocated innovation have discussed the court and asked the government to introduce advanced western banknote printing technology to issue banknotes in China to suit the economic needs of the Qing government at that time.
In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), the Ministry of the People's Republic (later renamed the Branch Branch) dispatched personnel to Japan to inspect the printing technology of banknotes, and in March of that year presented the court with a memorial about the establishment of the official printing bureau. The memorial said: "... To find out that the original banknotes are good for business people, it is indeed an organ of finance.... All countries in the world issue banknotes and all official papers. Wherever there is value, it is the government's authority to guard against civil society." Privately made... When the ministerial office is in the midst of reorganizing the fiscal, it is highly advisable to take the initiative and take the initiative to prepare and establish the foundation... Afterwards, in 1907, when the inspectors returned to China, they again played the method of setting up the printing office and submissions. At this time, in order to save the crisis situation, the Qing government must reunite the law and replace the right of interest; in order to control the financial economy, it must issue banknotes. In addition, at this time, China’s industry and commerce has achieved initial development, and domestic and foreign trade has increased. The old-fashioned banknotes issued by China’s old silver, silver and Qing government have been unable to meet the needs of the circulation sector at that time. Objectively, Chinese banknotes are also higher and newer. The level of development proposed. The result was that the Qing government adopted the ruling of the Ministry of Housing and decided to establish it;
In 1907, the Qing government approved the ruling of the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of the People's Government started the work, the printing department of the Ministry of the People's Republic of China, and the preparation work for the establishment of the Ministry of Education. In view of the world’s banknote printing industry at that time, the steel plate engraving and gravure printing technology adopted by American Banknote Corporation was in the leading position. Therefore, the Qing government sent staff to the United States to investigate and determine the size of the United States; the National Printing Bureau of the United States and Beijing; And level, build China's official printing bureau.
At that time, there were two kinds of engraving and gravure techniques, one was a copper intaglio technique and the other was a steel intaglio technique. Compared with the two, the texture of the steel intaglio plate is solid, with detailed printed lines, distinct layers, and printing plates that are resistant to printing. The lines of printed products are clear and the ink layer is thick. The performance of the human head and landscape paintings has particularly unique effects. And not easy to counterfeit, with good anti-counterfeiting features.
The printing bureau was located at the White Paper Square outside Xuanwumen in Beijing, covering an area of ​​over 240,000 square meters. Construction began on June 1, 1908. Designed and drafted by the American Miracle Company, the Japanese company Huasheng Company was contracted and the old American flag Changyang Line was responsible for the purchase and installation of machinery and equipment, costing 1.1 million yuan of silver. At the same time, it also set about establishing an organization. Under the general office and subordinate office, there are two offices for affairs and public works. The Public Works Department is a production management department, which consists of five sections including plate making, color making (ink making), printing, finishing, and machinery. In addition to the printing of banknotes, the Qing government also assigned the stamp printing of the postal department to the printing bureau for printing.
In order to master the steel gravure carving technology, the Qing government spared no expense, from the United States hired the engraver Hai Qu and other five American technicians to work in the printing bureau, and taught the steel gravure engraving and plate making technology. The establishment of the printing branch of the Branch and the arrival of American technicians such as Hai Qu, created a new era in the history of Chinese banknote printing technology.
In the process of preparation, the Printing Department of the Branch of the Ministry of Finance and Industry has built factories and recruited personnel for technical training. Particularly worth mentioning is that from the Tianjin Guanzhi Bureau enrolled people who had studied the engraving of copper intaglio technology with the Japanese people Bi Chennian, Li Xin, Yan Xilin, Wu Jintao and others. After a period of study, they all mastered the steel gravure engraving. The technology became China's first-generation sculpting steel intaglio technician. It was the focus of the printing industry at that time and laid a solid foundation for the further development of Chinese carved steel gravure technology.
The plate printing equipment of the printing bureau was arranged according to the scale and level of the printing press company in the United States and was at the advanced level in the world at that time. There are mainly universal engraving machines purchased from the United States (see Fig. 13-12), steel plate presses (Fig. 17-12), and hand-pitch gravure presses (Figs. 17-13), as well as lithographic machines, printers, and circles. Plate machine, printer, camera and other plate printing equipment and generators and other corresponding power equipment. Its complete equipment, advanced technology, can only be called domestic and world-class. By 1914, the printing bureau was completed. (Colour 17-14) is a panorama of the printing office of Wu Jintao's sculpture. The Qing government did not hesitate to spend huge sums of money for the printing department of the planning branch. This move is undoubtedly a major contribution to the printing industry in China.
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