Editor's note: Recently, scientists from the Pasteur Institute in France and the University of Texas in the United States have collaborated to investigate the effects of ethanol (alcohol in alcoholic beverages) on central nervous system receptors on an atomic scale. The antagonist compound of the response opens up a new way.
Ethanol is no stranger to everyone. It can be used as a disinfectant and a major component of wine. With the development of science and technology, ethanol has now been found to be used as a biofuel to replace traditional energy sources and reduce harmful gas emissions. But no matter what kind, the most extensive figure of ethanol is still in all kinds of alcohol. Although alcohol is a popular beverage, however, once overdose, it is very easy to cause harm to human health.
In 2011, Li Hui's research group of the Key Laboratory of Anthropology, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, after long-term certification, pointed out that the proportion of alcoholism in East Asians is lower than that of Europeans and Americans because they evolved the alcohol dehydrogenase gene ADH1B before 2800 A special variant type H7, this genetic variant can efficiently degrade a large number of toxins associated with alcohol. They believe that the emergence of this variant is closely related to China's agricultural development and the emergence of winemaking technology.
It is reported that ethanol can interfere with the normal function of many genes, including direct toxic effects on the body's tissues and organs. Continuous excessive drinking can damage liver cells and interfere with the normal metabolism of the liver, which can cause alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis; at the same time, it also affects fat metabolism and slows down the oxidation of fatty acids, which may be beneficial to the storage of dietary lipids, liver fat synthesis increases, so that The serum triglyceride content increases, and the possibility of developing triglycerideemia increases. In addition, studies have shown that long-term excessive drinking can increase the risk of hypertension and stroke. It can also harm germ cells, resulting in mental retardation of offspring. The incidence of laryngeal cancer and digestive tract cancer in people who regularly drink alcohol has increased significantly.
Tests have shown that when the ethanol concentration in the blood reaches 0.05%, the effect of alcohol begins to appear, and excitement and euphoria appear; when the concentration reaches 0.1%, people will lose their ability to control themselves. When it reaches 0.2%, one has reached the point of drunkenness; when it reaches 0.4%, one can lose consciousness, become unconscious, and even be in danger of life. In the early years, scientists in related fields all over the world started to work on alleviating the harm caused by the large amount of ethanol produced by drinking to human functions.
Receptor refers to a type of protein that can combine with a special signal molecule (such as ethanol) outside the cell to cause a molecular conformation change and cause a cell reaction. It is a component that can recognize and bind a biologically active molecule on the cell membrane or in the cell. , It can amplify and transmit the signals recognized and received correctly to the inside of the cell, which in turn causes biological effects.
Now, researchers in France and the United States have observed the complex structure formed by ethanol and the receptor on the atomic scale through the observation method of X-ray crystallography, using a nicotinic receptor of a cyanobacterial bacterial homologue, and determined Five binding sites reveal the mechanism by which ethanol stimulates receptor activity.
Extrapolating this result to humans, the researchers found that the binding site of ethanol to the human GABAA receptor (the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain) is exactly the same as the cyanobacterial receptor. GABAA receptors are widely present on the surface of neurons and are the primary target of ethanol in the human central nervous system. They can mediate the transmission of nerve impulses by opening and closing channels. Ethanol binds to the human GABAA receptor and has an inhibitory effect on the transmission of nerve signals, thereby disrupting brain function. The results of this research will help to develop antagonist compounds to alleviate the effects of alcohol on the brain, or may provide help for alcoholics to stop drinking.
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